Now more than ever, technology is influencing the way we do business, communicate, move through and around the world, access and manage our homes, receive and administer healthcare, make purchases, secure information, and protect our most valuable property. Morrison Foerster keeps pace with this rapidly evolving landscape across our internationally recognized corporate, finance, intellectual property, and litigation practices. MoFo Tech brings together our insights relating to fields such as blockchain and distributed ledger, cloud and as-a-service technologies, driverless cars, drones, fintech, computer hardware and software, the Internet of Things, semiconductors, and telecommunications. The MoFo Tech blog offers real-time, in-depth analyses of the trends and complex issues shaping the global technology industry.<h2>ABOUT MORRISON FOERSTER</h2>Morrison Foerster is a leading global law firm that transforms complexity into advantage for its clients. Our clients include some of the largest financial institutions, banks, consulting and accounting firms, and Fortune 100, technology, and life sciences companies. Highlighting the firm’s commitment to client service, leadership in market-changing deals and impact litigation, and values-based culture, Morrison Foerster has been repeatedly recognized as one of the top 10 firms on The American Lawyer’s A-List. Year after year, the firm receives significant recognition from Chambers and The Legal 500 across their various guides, including Global, USA, Asia‑Pacific, Europe, UK, Latin America, and FinTech Legal. Our lawyers passionately care about delivering legal excellence while living our values. Morrison Foerster has a long-standing commitment to creating a culture that respects and celebrates differences, while providing an inclusive environment. The firm has achieved Mansfield Certification Plus since 2018 as a result of successfully reaching at least 30 percent women, communities of color, and LGBTQ+ lawyer representation in a notable number of current leadership roles and committees. The firm also has a long history of commitment to the community and society through providing pro bono legal services, including litigating for civil rights and civil liberties, improving public education and fostering the wellbeing of children, advocating for veterans, promoting international human rights, enforcing the right to asylum, and safeguarding the environment.

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Scott Llewellyn’s practice focuses on complex litigation in federal and state courts around the country, with an emphasis on patent and trade secret disputes. Over the past decade, he has worked on some of the most significant, high–profile IP cases involving technology for televisions, smartphones, and self–driving cars, relying on 40 years of experience with computer hardware and software. Scott also has significant experience with business divorce cases before courts and arbitrators, involving a mix of trade secret, patent, tort, and contract claims relating to technology development and implementation.Scott also has successfully tried general commercial arbitration and agency matters, briefed and argued various appeals in federal appellate court, and tried more than 20 cases for the Denver City Attorney’s office, most of them jury trials.Scott also has an active pro bono practice, having worked on a variety of criminal and immigration appeals, and having represented Colorado criminal defense and mental health organizations in high–profile suits against the state of Colorado for violations of the constitutional rights of defendants.At MoFo, Scott serves on the board of the Morrison & Foerster Foundation. In the broader legal community, he serves on the boards of the Colorado Lawyers Committee and Drop in the Bucket (a charity that builds wells and sanitation systems in sub–Saharan Africa).After law school, Scott clerked for the Honorable Clarence A. Brimmer, District of Wyoming, and the Honorable Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, Ninth Circuit. He was also previously an adjunct professor at the Georgetown University Law Center.

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Scott Llewellyn’s practice involves complex litigation before state and federal courts around the country, with an emphasis on patent and trade secret disputes for high-tech companies, to which he brings more than 35 years of experience with computer hardware and software, in particular relating to the processing and transmission of audio, video, voice, and other types of data. Mr. Llewellyn has also tried commercial arbitration and agency matters; briefed and argued various appeals in federal appellate court; and tried more than 20 cases for the Denver city attorney’s office, most of them jury trials.

Scott F. Llewellyn

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MoFo Tech brings together legal insights and in-depth analyses on trends and complex issues shaping the global technology industry, covering fields such as blockchain and distributed ledger, cloud and SaaS technologies, driverless cars, drones, FinTech, computer hardware and software, the IoT, semiconductors, and telecommunications.

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MoFo Tech brings together legal insights and in-depth analyses on trends and complex issues shaping the global technology industry, covering fields such as blockchain and distributed ledger, cloud and SaaS technologies, driverless cars, drones, FinTech, computer hardware and software, the IoT, semiconductors, and telecommunications.

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At the Intersection of Technology, Law, and Business

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Japan’s Approach to AI Regulation in 2025

Federal Circuit Clarifies Requirements for Prior Art Under Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(e)

AI Agent as a Service in Medtech - Key Considerations for Commercial Contracts

D.C. Circuit Holds that Works Created Solely by AI are Not Copyrightable

Navigating Inventorship in the Era of AI-Assisted Drug Discovery

With over $8.8B raised via Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) since 2014, and over 1,200 tokens in circulation with a combined market capitalization of over $300B, it’s not surprising that ICOs are an increasingly popular fundraising tool. In this post, we discuss eight key items to consider before staging an ICO.1. Security v. Utility. Tokens are not a homogeneous asset class –– they may feature characteristics of securities, commodities, currency units, or a combination thereof. As a result, the legal analysis relating to a particular token may involve multiple regulatory regimes. Irrespective of whether a token has a consumptive purpose and may be characterized as a “utility token” by its issuer, the SEC repeatedly stated that “Whether or not a particular transaction involves the offer and sale of a security—regardless of the terminology used—will depend on the facts and circumstances, including the economic realities of the transaction,” and confirmed that ICOs would be analyzed under the facts-and-circumstances test outlined in SEC v. W.J. Howey Co.2. The Howey Test. The U.S. Supreme Court in Howey developed a four-pronged test for evaluating whether a particular instrument constitutes an “investment contract.” An instrument is an “investment contract” under the Howey test where there exists: (a) an investment of money; (b) in a common enterprise; (c) with an expectation of profits; and (d) to be derived solely from the efforts of others.It is worth noting that the concept of “investment contract” embodies a flexible principle that is capable of adaptation to meet the countless and variable constructs developed by contractual arrangements over time.3. U.S. Federal Securities Laws. The Securities Act requires that securities be offered and sold only (i) if registered with the SEC or (ii) in transactions exempt from, or not subject to, registration under the Securities Act. Several ICOs have been conducted in reliance on Rule 506(c) or Tier 2 of Regulation A+.  Each exemption features characteristics and imposes certain limitations on an ICO; therefore issuers should take care in determining which exemption is best suited for their needs. For a summary comparison of the main features of these two exempt offering alternatives, see “Do You Want to Launch an ICO? Please, Listen to the SEC” (February 8, 2018).4. The Regulators are Watching. The level of attention paid to ICOs at the SEC has dramatically increased in the last six months, as reflected by a number of enforcement actions and guidance provided to market participants. Conducting an ICO within the United States without complying with the U.S. federal securities laws or relying on an applicable exemption could expose an issuer to rescission rights and a variety of remedies in enforcement actions brought by the SEC (including disgorgement of any profits, and civil and criminal penalties).5. Timeline. Depending on the securities offering exemption chosen by an issuer and a variety of other factors that are unique to each transaction, the timeline to conduct an ICO may range from 4-8 weeks for an ICO conducted in reliance on Rule 506(c), to about 12-16 weeks for an ICO conducted in reliance on Tier 2 of Regulation A+. 6. The White Paper. The process for undertaking an ICO typically originates with the preparation of a whitepaper. Drafting a whitepaper is, in and of itself, a time consuming endeavor.  The question of what exactly should be included in a whitepaper merits a separate discussion, but generally speaking a well-developed white paper should include, at a minimum (a) a thorough description of a problem, (b) a detailed explanation of how the blockchain project is expected to provide a solution, (c) a technical description of the architecture (mathematical formulas and computer code), (d) development plans, (e) use of funds, (f) tokens economics, (g) information on the team, including (ideally) their experience with blockchain and crypto assets, (h) risk factors, and (i) legal notices.7. Online Presence. Assuming general solicitation and advertisement are permitted, the vast majority of marketing for ICOs takes place online, via website landing pages and social media profiles. For this reason, it is important to establish and maintain a uniform online presence from a project’s inception. Securing the domain name for a website and building cohesive profiles on multiple social media platforms is critical, as these are the nodes through which potential investors and members of the blockchain community will stay abreast of the project’s progress.  In addition, a consistent name across all media platforms will reduce the risk of imposters deceiving investors into sending their investments to their wallets rather than to the issuer’s wallet. On a similar note, it is important to engage with community channels and forums (i.e., BitcoinTalk, Discord, Slack, Telegram, etc.).8. Token Generation. Choosing a blockchain platform is a topic that deserves its own discussion, but for purposes of this blog, it is worth noting that depending on the complexity of the programming capabilities required for a given token, many ICOs have taken place on the Ethereum network using ERC20 tokens, or on the Stellar network. A special thanks to corporate paralegal Camille Houle for her contributions to this post.

KISS

U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.

Ascendent Capital Partners

Astellas 

Qatalyst Partners/Multiple Transactions

Southwest Gas

Axalta

Winterhawks Sports Group

Vimian Group AB/Multiple Transactions

Fidelio Capital/Multiple Transactions

Odevo AB/Multiple Transactions

Verdane

Aegis Ventures

Evercore Partners/Multiple Transactions

Ducera Securities/Multiple Transactions

Exantas Capital Corp.

Vonage/Multiple Transactions

Whitestone REIT/Multiple Matters

DaVita/Multiple Transactions

Inovalon/Multiple Transactions

DST Systems/Multiple Transactions

Banc of California/Proxy Contest Defense

Rao’s Specialty Foods/Advent International

TMI Hospitality/Starwood Capital Group

Kajima/IDI

Terumo/CaridianBCT

AmREIT/Takeover Defense

American Pacific/Proxy Contest Defense

NTT Data/Multiple Transactions

GMAC LLC/Transformative Transactions

HLTH Corporation/Multiple Transactions

Jean Coutu Group/Eckerd and Brooks

New York Stock Exchange/Transformative Transactions

Merrill Lynch/Entergy-Koch Energy Trading Business

Novartis AG /Multiple Transactions

JLB Group/Sneakz

Catalyst Biosciences/Targacept

Mighty Leaf Tea/Peet’s Coffee

VIEW Entertainment/ESOP

Braintrust Investments/Multiple Transactions

Robert’s American Gourmet Foods/VMG Partners

Seal-It/Printpack

Quest Diagnostics/Focus Diagnostics

Soros Fund Management/Dune Capital Management/Purchase of DreamWorks Library

Regis Corporation/Reverse Morris Trust Acquisition of Sally Beauty

Apropos Technology/Proxy Contest Defense

Specialty Laboratories/AmeriPath

Centerpulse Ltd./Sale of Multiple Business Segments

IDT/Unsolicited Offer for ITXC

Strategic Software Holdings/Unsolicited Offer and Proxy Contest

Click Commerce/Unsolicited Offer by Insight Venture Management

Dycom Industries/Arguss Communications

Barrick Gold/Homestake Mining Company

Merlin BioMed Group/Multiple Transactions

Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson/Multiple Transactions

S.A. Industrias Votorantim/Lafarge S.A.

Dycom Industries/Shareholder Rights Plan

Profit Recovery Group/Shareholder Rights Plan

Syngenta AG/FLINT Fungicide Business

Welch Allyn Data Collection/PSC Inc.

Brach’s Confections/Tootsie Roll

Groupe Danone/McKesson Water Products

First Bell Bancorp/Shareholder Proposal

Consolidated Fruit (BVI) Ltd. /Chiquita Brands Investment

SMG-II/Multiple Transactions

Hochtief AG/Turner Corporation

Sulzer Medica Ltd./Guidant Corporation

Tiger Management/Provident Companies Stock Purchase

Ispat International N.V./Inland Steel

The BOC Group plc/Ohmeda Healthcare

Kollmorgen/Unsolicted Tender Offer and Proxy Contest for Pacific Scientific

Trizec Hahn/Clark USA

Raab Karcher AG/Wyle Electronics

SafeSpace Productions LLC

Bergen Brunswig/IVAX Proposed Merger of Equals

ARM Financial Group/Multiple Transactions

Cia. Bozano, Simonsen/Embraer

Museum of the City of New York

MCA (Universal Studios)/Interscope Records

National Broadcasting Company/MSNBC Joint Ventures with Microsoft

Clark USA/Occidental Petroleum/Gulf Resources

The Seagram Company/Universal Studios

Viacom Inc./Multiple Transactions

Booker plc/Marine Harvest International

Cadbury Beverages/Dr.Pepper/Seven-Up Stock Purchase

Medco Containment/Flex Rx Pharmacy Services

Harlequin/Exposures Inc.

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company in Rehabilitation/Multiple Transactions

Proposed Acquisition of UST Bank/Connecticut

The Manhattan Savings Bank Conversion Merger

First Boston Asset Management/Sale of Business Segment

Solomon Partners Securities, LLC

A leading multinational investment bank and financial services firm /Multiple Transactions

BMO Capital Markets

Centerview Partners/Multiple Transactions

Perella Weinberg Partners

Deutsche Bank Securities/Certegy

Credit Suisse Securities/Multiple Transactions

Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin/Multiple Transactions

Lehman Brothers/Multiple Transactions

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Global Co-Chair of M&A Practice

Spencer Klein is a corporate partner and serves as co-chair of the firm's global Mergers & Acquisitions Group.

Spencer D. Klein

Spencer Klein is a partner in the Corporate Department and serves as co-chair of the firm's global Mergers & Acquisitions Group and head of the Corporate Department in New York. Mr. Klein focuses his practice on M+A transactions and related matters such as proxy contests and takeover defense counseling.

Spencer Klein

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8 Key Items You Need to Consider Before Staging Your ICO

A Rush to Patent the Blockchain Is a Sign of the Technology’s Promise

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With over $8.8B raised via Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) since 2014, and over 1,200 tokens in circulation with a combined market capitalization of over $300B, i

8 Key Items You Need to Consider Before Staging Your ICO

As part of the EU’s Digital Single Market initiative, the European Commission has been working to identify potential competition concerns affecting European e-commerce markets. The Commission suspects that companies have created artificial barriers to trade which impede the development of the e-commerce industry in Europe. Accordingly, the Commission is increasingly focused on rectifying competitive restraints in the European e-commerce markets.

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Managing Partner, Berlin

Andreas Grünwald

European E-Commerce Markets: Competition Initiatives for 2018